none In this work the Author reports his findings on the ethology and ecology of Pandemis heparana Denis and Schiff. (Lep. Tortricidae) on the basis of observations and surveys carried out in 1982-88 in an orchard at Caldaro in Bolzano Province. Moreover, the Author describes synthetically the geographical distribution of the species, and reports shrubs and trees it inhabits. P. heparana overwinters as early larva in the second instar, but, more often, in the third and/or fourth instars in different silky shelters which are constructed by attaching a piece of leaf to twigs, branches and trunks of apple trees. Surveys carried out at Caldaro in 1984 showed that the moth produces two generations yearly: a first generation in spring-summer and a second from late summer to the following spring. The first adults appear in the last ten days of May. Emergence of adults, belonging to the second generation, continues to about mid-July: adults of the first generation emerge from mid-August through the first ten days of October. The adults keep almost still during the daytime, staying hidden in the foliage of apple trees, on the bark of the trunk and branches, and on upper leaf sides. They become more active at dusk. Adult life-span ranges from 5 to 25 days. Females begin egg-laying one day or, more frequently, two or three days after mating. Each one lays from a minimum of two to a maximum of seven egg-clusters (from a minimum of 110 to a maximum of 602 eggs). Egg incubation lasts 8 to 13 days (9 days in the laboratory at 21 +- 1 degree C, 80 +- 10% r.h., photoperiod LD 16:8, and 2400 lux). The first generation larvae are very active in June and July. They attach with silky threads the edges of one or more leaves, folding sometimes the same leaf tip, so as to form the tube-like shelter. Each larva makes 2 to 4-6 shelters, and in the last one undergoes metamorphosis. The larvae stay within their shelters during the day and, if disturbed, withdraw swiftly. They come out to feed on leaves, yet prefer fruits, making large erosions on their surface. The larvae become mature in just less than a month, and reinforce with silk their last shelter, wherein they pupate. The newly hatched larvae of the second generation (in September and October) appear scattered throughout the foliage: they feed on leaves and fruits about to be harvested, making on fruit surfaces little erosions, before reaching sites of hibernation. They injure fruits mostly under a leaf attaching it to the fruit surface with silky threads. The larvae gnaw apples often at the point of contact between two or more fruits. The only natural enemy of P. heparana found at Caldaro is the Braconid (Hymenoptera), Apanteles ater Ratz.