The survival of stored product insect natural enemies in wheat treated with spinosad was investigated in laboratory and pilot scale experiments. The predator Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter), the warehouse pirate bug, and the parasitoids Habrobracon hebetor (Say), Theocolax elegans (Westwood), and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) were exposed to wheat treated with aliquots of water or spinosad at 0.05-1 mg ((AI))/kg. X. flavipes was the only species that survived (92% survival) in spinosad-treated wheat at 1 mg/kg. X. flavipes suppressed populations of immature Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, by nearly 90% compared with a water-treated control, but 100% suppression of immatures was achieved in wheat receiving spinosad or spinosad + X. flavipes treatments. A 3-mo pilot scale experiment to evaluate T. castaneum suppression in drums holding 163.3 kg of wheat showed that the pest populations increased throughout the study in the control treatment, but peaked after 1 mo in the X. flavipes-treated drums. By comparison, better T. castaneum population suppression was achieved in spinosad or spinosad + X. flavipes treatments. Although X. flavipes can survive and reproduce in spinosad-treated wheat, under our test conditions spinosad alone provided adequate suppression of T. castaneum, populations in stored wheat. Nutrition; Diet; Prey; Reproduction; Parasites diseases and disorders; Parasites; Insect parasites; Hosts; Insect hosts; Ecology; Population dynamics; Predators; Habitat; Man made habitat; Abiotic factors; Chemical factors Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae); Insect predators; Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera); Predatror survival rates in pesticide treated wheat, pest biocontrol implications; Stored product habitat; Stored wheat habitat Sitophilus oryzae (Curculionidae); Hymenopteran parasites; Anisopteromalus & Theocolax; Parasitoid survival rate in pesticide treated stored wheat, pest biocontrol implications; Stored product habitat; Stored wheat habitat Plodia interpunctella (Pyralidae); Hymenopteran parasites; Habrobracon hebetor; Parasitoid survival in pesticide treated stored wheat, implications for stored product pest control; Stored product habitat; Stored wheat habitat Habrobracon hebetor (Braconidae); Reproductive productivity; Reproductive rate; Lepidopteran hosts; Plodia interpunctella; Parasitoid survival rates in pesticide treated wheat, pest biocontrol implications; Survival; Survival rate; Stored product habitat; Stored wheat habitat; Fertilizers and pesticides; Spinosad Anisopteromalus calandrae; Theocolax elegans (Pteromalidae ); Reproductive productivity; Reproductive rate; Coleopteran hosts; Sitophilus oryzae; Parasitoid survival in pesticide treated stored wheat, implications for stored product pest control; Survival; Survival rate; Stored product habitat; Stored wheat habitat; Fertilizers and pesticides; Spinosad Xylocoris flavipes (Anthocoridae); Insect prey; Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera); Predator survival rates in pesticide treated wheat, pest biocontrol implications; Reproductive productivity; Reproductive rate; Survival; Survival rate; Stored product habitat; Stored wheat habitat; Fertilizers and pesticides; Spinosad none