This paper is based on 20 months survey and laboratory studies of the parasitoids of Spodoptera littoralis carried out in Cyprus in 1971-72. Regular sampling revealed the presence of 19 further macrolepidopterous members of the ecosystem, including S. exigua, Heliothis spp. and "Plusia " spp. Attacking these were a complex of at least 37 named primary parasitoids and a single secondary parasitoid. The commonest were the ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator and the braconids Chelonus inanitus (L.). Meteorus unicolor and Microplitis rufiventris and notes on their hosts, hostplants and biology are given. Recommendations are made for possible reductions in crop spraying, permitting the growth of weeds, under certain conditions, mass-rearing and liberation of an endemic parasitoid (C. inanitus ) and filling gaps in the parasite complex by the introduction of exotic parasitoids.