none Bactrocera; HYMENOPTERAN-PARASITES; Biosteres vandenboschi; Effect on parasite prevalence, plant host; PLANT-HOSTS; Averrhoa carambola (carambola); Larval density; POPULATION-DENSITY; Larvae, effect on hymenopteran parasite prevalence Biosteres vandenboschi; DIPTERAN-HOSTS; Bactrocera; Prevalence, influence of dipteran larval density in plant host Studies with carambolas collected from the field indicated that the mean number of B. vandenboschi emerging from a larval patch (indicated externally by an ovipuncture) and from a whole fruit was respectively 5.02 +- 0.51 and 20.14 +- 1.93. In both cases, parasitism by B. vandenboschi was found to be inverse density dependent, with the respective equations of y = 97.99 e-0.12x and y = 32.54 e-0.03x where y = parasitism rate and x = total adult insects emerging from each fruit piece or a whole fruit. Likely reason for the inverse density dependent parasitism is the "spreading the risk" strategy employed by the female B. vandenboschi.